Psychological or emotional abuse
Psychological or emotional abuse involves words, actions, or behaviours that cause emotional harm, distress, fear, loss of confidence, or a reduction in a person's sense of self-worth. It can happen in any relationship, including between family members, partners, friends, carers, professionals, or within care and support services.
Psychological abuse is a recognised form of abuse under adult safeguarding and can have a significant impact on a person's mental health, wellbeing, independence, and quality of life.
Psychological abuse can take many forms, including:
- intimidation, threats, or coercion
- harassment, bullying, or humiliation
- shouting, swearing, or persistent criticism
- controlling or manipulative behaviour
- preventing someone from making their own choices or decisions
- isolating someone from family, friends, community activities, or support services
- ignoring or undermining a person's wishes, feelings, or beliefs
- deliberately making someone feel frightened, worthless, or dependent
- online bullying, harassment, or intimidation
- failing to respect a person's privacy, dignity, or independence
Psychological abuse may happen on its own but can also occur alongside other forms of abuse, such as financial, physical, or domestic abuse.
Why it can be difficult to recognise
Psychological abuse often leaves no visible injuries, making it harder to identify than some other forms of abuse.
People experiencing psychological abuse may:
- feel embarrassed, ashamed, or afraid to speak up
- not recognise the behaviour as abusive
- believe the abuse is their fault
- fear losing important relationships if they report their concerns
- become isolated from others who might notice what is happening
Professionals may also find it difficult to identify psychological abuse because the signs can develop gradually over time. It is important to remain professionally curious, listen carefully to what people say about their experiences, and consider whether controlling, intimidating, or degrading behaviour may be affecting their wellbeing.
Signs and indicators of psychological abuse
The impact of psychological abuse varies from person to person, but possible signs may include:
- low self-esteem or lack of confidence
- appearing withdrawn, anxious, fearful, or distressed
- frequent tearfulness or emotional upset
- sudden changes in mood or behaviour
- reluctance to speak openly in the presence of a particular person
- loss of independence or increased reliance on others
- social isolation or reduced contact with family and friends
- changes in eating habits, resulting in weight loss or gain
- difficulty sleeping or insomnia
- increased feelings of helplessness or hopelessness
- a person expressing that they are constantly criticised, belittled, or controlled
No single sign proves psychological abuse is taking place, but concerns should always be explored sensitively and appropriately.